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ARDS作为呼吸危重症领域最重要的综合征,仍存在高发病率和高病死率的特征。2016年LUNG-SAFE研究发现,ICU住院患者中有10.4%是ARDS患者,其中机械通气患者有23.4%是ARDS[1]。国内外流行病学显示ARDS的病死率持续居高不下(35%~48%)[2]。ARDS患者使用有创通气比例较高,我国CHARDS研究显示,76.5%的ARDS患者使用了有创通气,但其中有7.8%的患者发生有创通气相关气压伤(气胸占4.3%),22.3%发生医院获得性肺炎,随着ARDS严重程度的增加,医院获得性肺炎的发生率也呈上升趋势。因此,有创通气虽然能够给一部分ARDS患者带来生的希望,但也会导致部分ARDS患者出现呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilation-associated lung injury,VALI),并严重影响患者的预后。对于ARDS患者,能否早期使用无创呼吸支持策略来替代有创通气,避免有创通气带来的相关并发症甚至改善患者预后是我们比较关心的话题。
无创呼吸支持包括氧疗和无创正压通气(NPPV),与有创通气相比,无创呼吸支持有其独特的优势[3],例如:①能够保留上气道的生理和解剖结构,使上气道的保护能力得以保存;②患者自主呼吸也能使膈肌维持较好的功能,避免膈肌萎缩;③避免有创通气以及气管插管带来的相关并发症;④保持患者清醒状态及其与环境的互动性,增强患者治愈疾病的信心。
一、标准氧疗 vs HFNC vs NPPV在ARDS患者中的应用 2020年JAMA发表的一篇Meta分析比较了标准氧疗、HFNC和NPPV三种呼吸支持方式对于急性低氧性呼吸衰竭(AHRF)患者的影响[4]。该研究发现,相较于HFNC和NPPV,标准氧疗在治疗AHRF方面效果最差。这一Meta分析告诉我们,与标准氧疗相比,采用无创呼吸支持(包括HFNC和NPPV)与较低的死亡风险有关。因此,对于ARDS患者,目前很少使用标准氧疗。 二、HFNC与NPPV在ARDS患者中的应用
鉴于上述,临床应用HFNC和NPPV时会出现一系列问题,如:HFNC或NPPV能否使ARDS患者获益?哪些人群可能获益?哪些患者更适合HFNC,哪些患者可以尝试NPPV?具体操作注意事项有哪些?
1. HFNC或NPPV能够使ARDS患者获益吗?
2004年,Keenan等[5]的Meta分析纳入了1980—2003年所有关于AHRF的随机对照试验(RCT),除外心衰患者,研究旨在分析与标准氧疗相比,NPPV能否改善患者气管插管率、住院病死率、ICU住院时间等指标。研究共入组了8项RCT的366例患者,结果发现:与标准氧疗相比,使用NPPV后,气管插管率明显下降(RR 23%,95%CI 10%~35%),ICU住院时间缩短(绝对值减少2天,95%CI 1~3天),ICU住院病死率降低(绝对风险降低17%,95%CI 8%~26%)。
三、小结 参考文献 [1] Bellani G, Laffey J G, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries[J]. JAMA, 2016, 315(8):788-800. [2] Villar J, Blanco J, Añón J M, et al. The ALIEN study: incidence and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the era of lung protective ventilation[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(12):1932-1941. [3] Grieco D L, Maggiore S M, Roca O, et al. Non-invasive ventilatory support and high-flow nasal oxygen as first-line treatment of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2021, 47(8):851-866. [4] Ferreyro B L, Angriman F, Munshi L, et al. Association of Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies With All-Cause Mortality in Adults With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2020, 324(1):57-67. [5] Keenan S P, Sinuff T, Cook D J, et al. Does noninvasive positive pressure ventilation improve outcome in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure? A systematic review[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(12):2516-2523. [6] Rana S, Jenad H, Gay P C, et al. Failure of non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute lung injury: observational cohort study[J]. Crit Care, 2006, 10(3):R79. [7] Antonelli M, Conti G, Esquinas A, et al. A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Crit Care Med, 2007, 35(1):18-25. [8] Zhan Q, Sun B, Liang L, et al. Early use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute lung injury: a multicenter randomized controlled trial[J]. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(2):455-460. [9] Luo J, Wang MY, Zhu H, et al. Can non-invasive positive pressure ventilation prevent endotracheal intubation in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome? A meta-analysis[J]. Respirology, 2014, 19(8):1149-1157. [10] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会呼吸危重症医学学组. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气指南(试行)[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2016, 96(6):404-424. [11] He H, Sun B, Liang L,et al. A multicenter RCT of noninvasive ventilation in pneumonia-induced early mild acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Crit Care, 2019, 23(1):300. [12] Thille A W, Contou D, Fragnoli C, et al. Non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: intubation rate and risk factors[J]. Crit Care, 2013, 17(6):R269. [13] Grassi A, Foti G, Laffey J G, et al. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Pol Arch Intern Med, 2017, 127(9):614-620. [14] Duan J, Han X, Bai L, et al. Assessment of heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation, and respiratory rate to predict noninvasive ventilation failure in hypoxemic patients[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2017, 43(2):192-199. [15] Patel B K, Wolfe K S, Pohlman A S, et al. Effect of Noninvasive Ventilation Delivered by Helmet vs Face Mask on the Rate of Endotracheal Intubation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. JAMA, 2016, 315(22):2435-2441. [16] Frat J P, Thille A W, Mercat A, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(23):2185-2196. [17] Kang B J, Koh Y, Lim C M, et al. Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2015, 41(4):623-632. [18] Hyun Cho W, Ju Yeo H, Hoon Yoon S, et al. High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy for Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure in Adults: A Retrospective Analysis[J]. Intern Med, 2015, 54(18):2307-2313. [19] Frat J P, Brugiere B, Ragot S, et al. Sequential application of oxygen therapy via high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure: an observational pilot study[J].Respir Care, 2015, 60(2):170-178. [20] Sztrymf B, Messika J, Bertrand F, et al. Beneficial effects of humidified high flow nasal oxygen in critical care patients: a prospective pilot study[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(11):1780-1786. [21] Messika J, Ben Ahmed K, Gaudry S, et al. Use of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy in Subjects With ARDS: A 1-Year Observational Study[J]. Respir Care, 2015, 60(2):162-169. [22] Rello J, Pérez M, Roca O, et al. High-flow nasal therapy in adults with severe acute respiratory infection: a cohort study in patients with 2009 influenza A/H1N1v[J]. J Crit Care, 2012, 27(5):434-439. 作者简介 中日友好医院呼吸与危重症医学科副主任医师,医学博士 中国医师协会重症医学医师分会青年委员会委员 中华医学会呼吸病学分会呼吸治疗学学组委员 中国老年学和老年医学学会老年呼吸与危重症医学分会委员 中国康复医学会呼吸康复专业委员会呼吸与危重症医学学组委员 北京医学会重症医学分会青年委员会委员 美国AHA心肺复苏主任导师 Thorax 杂志中文版编委 北京市住院医师规范化培训第二届专业委员会委员 国家感染防控专家库成员
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